Magnetoresistive sensor with a thin antiferromagnetic layer for pinning antiparallel coupled tabs

ABSTRACT

A spin valve sensor with a thin antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer exchange coupled to a self-pinned antiparallel coupled bias layer in the lead overlap regions is provided. The spin valve sensor comprises a ferromagnetic bias layer antiparallel coupled to a free layer in first and second passive regions where first and second lead layers overlap the spin valve sensor layers and a thin AFM layer exchange coupled to the bias layer to provide a pinning field to the bias layer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates in general to spin valve magnetoresistive sensors for reading information signals from a magnetic medium, in particular, to a lead overlay spin valve sensor with a thin antiferromagnetic layer for pinning an antiparallel coupled lead/sensor overlap (tab) region.

[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0004] Computers often include auxiliary memory storage devices having media on which data can be written and from which data can be read for later use. A direct access storage device (disk drive) incorporating rotating magnetic disks is commonly used for storing data in magnetic form on the disk surfaces. Data is recorded on concentric, radially spaced tracks on the disk surfaces. Magnetic heads including read sensors are then used to read data from the tracks on the disk surfaces.

[0005] In high capacity disk drives, magnetoresistive (MR) read sensors, commonly referred to as MR sensors, are the prevailing read sensors because of their capability to read data from a surface of a disk at greater track and linear densities than thin film inductive heads. An MR sensor detects a magnetic field through the change in the resistance of its MR sensing layer (also referred to as an “MR element”) as a function of the strength and direction of the magnetic flux being sensed by the MR layer.

[0006] The conventional MR sensor operates on the basis of the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect in which an MR element resistance varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the magnetization in the MR element and the direction of sense current flowing through the MR element. Recorded data can be read from a magnetic medium because the external magnetic field from the recorded magnetic medium (the signal field) causes a change in the direction of magnetization in the MR element, which in turn causes a change in resistance in the MR element and a corresponding change in the sensed current or voltage.

[0007] Another type of MR sensor is the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor manifesting the GMR effect. In GMR sensors, the resistance of the MR sensing layer varies as a function of the spin-dependent transmission of the conduction electrons between magnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic layer (spacer) and the accompanying spin-dependent scattering which takes place at the interface of the magnetic and nonmagnetic layers and within the magnetic layers.

[0008] GMR sensors using only two layers of ferromagnetic material (e.g., Ni—Fe) separated by a layer of nonmagnetic material (e.g., copper) are generally referred to as spin valve (SV) sensors manifesting the SV effect.

[0009]FIG. 1 shows a prior art SV sensor 100 comprising end regions 104 and 106 separated by a central region 102. A first ferromagnetic layer, referred to as a pinned layer 120, has its magnetization typically fixed (pinned) by exchange coupling with an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer 125. The magnetization of a second ferromagnetic layer, referred to as a free layer 110, is not fixed and is free to rotate in response to the magnetic field from the recorded magnetic medium (the signal field). The free layer 110 is separated from the pinned layer 120 by a non-magnetic, electrically conducting spacer layer 115. Hard bias layers 130 and 135 formed in the end regions 104 and 106, respectively, provide longitudinal bias for the free layer 110. Leads 140 and 145 formed on hard bias layers 130 and 135, respectively, provide electrical connections for sensing the resistance of SV sensor 100. IBM's U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,590 granted to Dieny et al., incorporated herein by reference, discloses a GMR sensor operating on the basis of the SV effect.

[0010] Another type of spin valve sensor is an antiparallel (AP) spin valve sensor. The AP-pinned valve sensor differs from the simple spin valve sensor in that an AP-pinned structure has multiple thin film layers instead of a single pinned layer. The AP-pinned structure has an antiparallel coupling (APC) layer sandwiched between first and second ferromagnetic pinned layers. The first pinned layer has its magnetization oriented in a first direction by exchange coupling to the antiferromagnetic pinning layer. The second pinned layer is immediately adjacent to the free layer and is antiparallel exchange coupled to the first pinned layer because of the minimal thickness (in the order of 8 (E) of the APC layer between the first and second pinned layers. Accordingly, the magnetization of the second pinned layer is oriented in a second direction that is antiparallel to the direction of the magnetization of the first pinned layer.

[0011] The AP-pinned structure is preferred over the single pinned layer because the magnetizations of the first and second pinned layers of the AP-pinned structure subtractively combine to provide a net magnetization that is less than the magnetization of the single pinned layer. The direction of the net magnetization is determined by the thicker of the first and second pinned layers. A reduced net magnetization equates to a reduced demagnetization field from the AP-pinned structure. Since the antiferromagnetic exchange coupling is inversely proportional to the net pinning magnetization, this increases exchange coupling between the first pinned layer and the antiferromagnetic pinning layer. The AP-pinned spin valve sensor is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,185 to Heim and Parkin which is incorporated by reference herein.

[0012] A typical spin valve sensor has top and bottom surfaces and first and second side surfaces which intersect at an air bearing surface (ABS) where the ABS is an exposed surface of the sensor that faces the magnetic disk. Prior art read heads employ first and second hard bias layers and first and second lead layers that abut the first and second side surfaces for longitudinally biasing and stabilizing the free layer in the sensor and conducting a sense current transversely through the sensor. The track width of the head is measured between the centers of the side surfaces of the free layer. In an effort to reduce the track width to submicron levels it has been found that the hard bias layers make the free layer magnetically stiff so that its magnetic moment does not freely respond to field signals from a rotating magnetic disk. Accordingly, there is a strong-felt need to provide submicron track width spin valve sensors which are still sensitive to the signals from the rotating magnetic disk along with longitudinal biasing of the free layer transversely so that the free layer is kept in a single magnetic domain state.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to disclose a spin valve sensor with a highly stabilized free layer which is highly responsive to signals from a rotating magnetic disk.

[0014] It is another object of the present invention to disclose a spin valve sensor with an antiparallel coupled lead/sensor overlap region.

[0015] It is yet another object of the present invention to disclose a spin valve sensor having a thin antiferromagnetic layer exchange coupled to a self-pinned ferromagnetic bias layer in the lead overlap regions.

[0016] It is a further object of the present invention to disclose a method of making a spin valve sensor having a thin antiferromagnetic layer exchange coupled to a self-pinned antiparallel coupled bias layer in the lead overlap regions.

[0017] In accordance with the principles of the present invention, there is disclosed an embodiment of the present invention wherein a spin valve (SV) sensor has a transverse length between first and second side surfaces which is divided into a track width region between first and second passive regions wherein the track width region is defined by first and second lead layers. The SV sensor comprises a pinned layer, a spacer layer and a free layer, wherein the free layer is at the top of the sensor. A ferromagnetic bias layer having a thickness very nearly equal to the thickness of the free layer is antiparallel (AP) coupled to the free layer in the first and second passive regions. An antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer having a thickness less than needed to provide a saturation pinning field of the bias layer is exchange coupled to the bias layer to provide an AFM pinning field to the bias layer in the first and second passive regions. The AFM layer is set to provide a longitudinal pinning field having an orientation in the plane of the SV sensor layers and parallel to the air bearing surface (ABS). In a second embodiment, the AFM layer may be set to provide a transverse pinning field having an orientation perpendicular to the ABS or a canted pinning field directed in a canted direction intermediate between a direction parallel to the ABS and a direction perpendicular to the ABS. The AFM pinning field provides additional stabilization of the free layer particularly at the interfaces of the track width region and the first and second passive regions where the bias layer ends.

[0018] The above as well as additional objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following written description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, as well as of the preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the following drawings, like reference numerals designate like or similar parts throughout the drawings.

[0020]FIG. 1 is an air bearing surface view, not to scale, of a prior art SV sensor;

[0021]FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram of a magnetic recording disk drive system using the SV sensor of the present invention;

[0022]FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-section view, not to scale, of a “piggyback” read/write magnetic head;

[0023]FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-section view, not to scale, of a “merged” read/write magnetic head;

[0024]FIG. 5 is an air bearing surface view, not to scale, of an embodiment of a lead overlay SV sensor of the present invention;

[0025]FIGS. 6a-6 d are air bearing surface views, not to scale, of the SV sensor of FIG. 5 illustrating sequential steps of making the sensor by the method of the present invention;

[0026]FIG. 7 is an air bearing surface view, not to scale, of a second embodiment of a lead overlay sensor of the present invention;

[0027]FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the strength of the AFM pinning field as a function of AFM layer thickness; and

[0028]FIG. 9 is plan view, not to scale, of a spin valve sensor indicating the orientation directions of longitudinal, transverse and canted bias fields relative to the air bearing surface.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0029] The following description is the best embodiment presently contemplated for carrying out the present invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein.

[0030] Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a disk drive 200 embodying the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, at least one rotatable magnetic disk 212 is supported on a spindle 214 and rotated by a disk drive motor 218. The magnetic recording media on each disk is in the form of an annular pattern of concentric data tracks (not shown) on the disk 212.

[0031] At least one slider 213 is positioned on the disk 212, each slider 213 supporting one or more magnetic read/write heads 221 where the head 221 incorporates the SV sensor of the present invention. As the disks rotate, the slider 213 is moved radially in and out over the disk surface 222 so that the heads 221 may access different portions of the disk where desired data is recorded. Each slider 213 is attached to an actuator arm 219 by means of a suspension 215. The suspension 215 provides a slight spring force which biases the slider 213 against the disk surface 222. Each actuator arm 219 is attached to an actuator 227. The actuator as shown in FIG. 2 may be a voice coil motor (VCM). The VCM comprises a coil movable within a fixed magnetic field, the direction and speed of the coil movements being controlled by the motor current signals supplied by a controller 229.

[0032] During operation of the disk storage system, the rotation of the disk 212 generates an air bearing between the slider 213 (the surface of the slider 213 which includes the head 321 and faces the surface of the disk 212 is referred to as an air bearing surface (ABS)) and the disk surface 222 which exerts an upward force or lift on the slider. The air bearing thus counter-balances the slight spring force of the suspension 215 and supports the slider 213 off and slightly above the disk surface by a small, substantially constant spacing during normal operation.

[0033] The various components of the disk storage system are controlled in operation by control signals generated by the control unit 229, such as access control signals and internal clock signals. Typically, the control unit 229 comprises logic control circuits, storage chips and a microprocessor. The control unit 229 generates control signals to control various system operations such as drive motor control signals on line 223 and head position and seek control signals on line 228. The control signals on line 228 provide the desired current profiles to optimally move and position the slider 213 to the desired data track on the disk 212. Read and write signals are communicated to and from the read/write heads 221 by means of the recording channel 225. Recording channel 225 may be a partial response maximum likelihood (PMRL) channel or a peak detect channel. The design and implementation of both channels are well known in the art and to persons skilled in the art. In the preferred embodiment, recording channel 225 is a PMRL channel.

[0034] The above description of a typical magnetic disk storage system, and the accompanying illustration of FIG. 2 are for representation purposes only. It should be apparent that disk storage systems may contain a large number of disks and actuator arms, and each actuator arm may support a number of sliders.

[0035]FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional elevation view of a “piggyback” magnetic read/write head 300, which includes a write head portion 302 and a read head portion 304, the read head portion employing a spin valve sensor 306 according to the present invention. The sensor 306 is sandwiched between nonmagnetic insulative first and second read gap layers 308 and 310, and the read gap layers are sandwiched between ferromagnetic first and second shield layers 312 and 314. In response to external magnetic fields, the resistance of the sensor 306 changes. A sense current I_(S) conducted through the sensor causes these resistance changes to be manifested as potential changes. These potential changes are then processed as readback signals by the processing circuitry of the data recording channel 246 shown in FIG. 2.

[0036] The write head portion 302 of the magnetic read/write head 300 includes a coil layer 316 sandwiched between first and second insulation layers 318 and 320. A third insulation layer 322 may be employed for planarizing the head to eliminate ripples in the second insulation layer 320 caused by the coil layer 316. The first, second and third insulation layers are referred to in the art as an insulation stack. The coil layer 316 and the first, second and third insulation layers 38, 320 and 322 are sandwiched between first and second pole piece layers 324 and 326. The first and second pole piece layers 324 and 326 are magnetically coupled at a back gap 328 and have first and second pole tips 330 and 332 which are separated by a write gap layer 334 at the ABS 340. An insulation layer 336 is located between the second shield layer 314 and the first pole piece layer 324. Since the second shield layer 314 and the first pole piece layer 324 are separate layers this read/write head is known as a “piggyback” head.

[0037]FIG. 4 is the same as FIG. 3 except the second shield layer 414 and the first pole piece layer 424 are a common layer. This type of read/write head is known as a “merged” head 400. The insulation layer 336 of the piggyback head in FIG. 3 is omitted in the merged head 400 of FIG. 4.

FIRST EXAMPLE

[0038]FIG. 5 depicts an air bearing surface (ABS) view, not to scale, of a lead overlay spin valve sensor 500 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The SV sensor 500 comprises end regions 502 and 504 separated from each other by a central region 506. The substrate 508 can be any suitable substance including glass, semiconductor material, or a ceramic material such as alumina (Al₂O₃). The seed layer 509 is a layer or layers deposited to modify the crystallographic texture or grain size of the subsequent layers. An antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer 510 is deposited over the over the seed layer. An antiparallel (AP)-pinned layer 512, a conductive spacer layer 514 and a free layer 516 are deposited sequentially over the AFM layer 510. The AFM layer may have a thickness sufficient to provide the desired exchange properties to act as a pinning layer for the AP-pinned layer 512. In the present embodiment, the AFM layer 510 is thinner than desirable for a pinning layer and is used to provide an additional seed layer to help promote improved properties of the subsequent layers of the sensor. The AP-pinned layer 512 comprises a first ferromagnetic (FM1) layer 517 and a second ferromagnetic (FM2) layer 519 separated by an antiparallel coupling (APC) layer 518 that allows the FM1 layer 517 and the FM2 layer 519 to be strongly AP-coupled as indicated by the antiparallel magnetizations 542 (represented by the tail of an arrow pointing into the paper) and 543 (represented by the head of an arrow pointing out of the paper), respectively. The AP-coupled layer 512 is designed to be a self-pinned layer as is known to the art. The free layer 516 comprises a ferromagnetic first free sublayer 520 of Co—Fe and a ferromagnetic second free sublayer 521 of Ni—Fe.

[0039] A bias layer 522 separated from the free layer 516 by an APC layer 523 comprises a ferromagnetic first bias sublayer 524 of Co—Fe deposited over the APC layer 523 and a ferromagnetic second bias sublayer 525 of Ni—Fe deposited over the first bias sublayer 524. An antiferromagnetic layer 560 of Pt—Mn, or alternatively of In—Mn, Ni—Mn or other conducting antiferromagnetic material, is deposited over the second bias sublayer 525. The APC layer 523 allows the bias layer 522 to be strongly AP-coupled to the free layer 516. The AFM layer 560 is exchange coupled to the bias layer 522 providing a weak pinning field to orient the direction of the magnetization 546 of the bias layer.

[0040] The AFM layer 560 is formed of a layer having a thickness less than needed to provide a maximum (saturated) pinning field. FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of the variation of pinning field strength as a function of layer thickness for a typical AFM material. The pinning field increases with AFM layer thickness as the exchange coupling strength increases until a saturated or maximum pinning field is reached at a layer thickness, t_(SAT). For an AFM layer formed of Pt—Mn, a thickness (t_(SAT)) of about 150 Å is needed to provide the maximum pinning. For an AFM layer formed of Ir—Mn, t_(SAT) is approximately 80 Å while for an AFM layer formed of Ni—Mn, t_(SAT) is approximately 250 Å. As the AFM layer thickness is decreased, its exchange coupling strength decreases due to the decreased grain size of the thinner layer. In order to achieve the desired weaker exchange coupling to the bias layer required for pinning the AP-tabs while maintaining high sensitivity for the SV sensor, the AFM layer 560 is formed of Pt—Mn having a thickness in the range of 30-100 Å. Alternatively, the AFM layer may be formed of Ir—Mn, Ni—Mn or other electrically conductive antiferromagnetic materials. The weak pinning field due to the thin AFM layer is particularly effective at the interfaces of the track width region and the first and second passive regions where the bias layer ends. At this discontinuity of the bias layers, demagnetization fields can result in destabilization of the free layer magnetization in the absence of a pinning field. A weak pinning field removes this instability without significant stiffening of the free layer magnetization 544 in the track field region. After the thin AFM layer has been deposited, a first cap layer 526 is formed on the AFM layer 560.

[0041] First and second leads L1 528 and L2 530 are formed over the cap layer 526 in the passive regions 532 and 534 and over the end regions 502 and 504 overlapping the central region 506 of the sensor in the first and second passive regions. A space between L1 528 and L2 530 in the central region 506 of the sensor defines the track width region 536 which defines the track width of the read head and which can have submicron dimensions. The first cap layer 536 in the track width region 536 between L1 and L2 is removed by a sputter etch and reactive ion etch (RIE) process followed by a sputter etch and oxidation process to convert the AFM material 560 and the ferromagnetic materials of bias layer 522 into a nonmagnetic oxide layer 538 in the track width region 536. A second cap layer 540 is formed over the leads L1 528 and L2 530 in the end regions 502, 504 and the passive regions 532, 534 and over the nonmagnetic oxide layer 538 in the track width region 536.

[0042] The AP-pinned layer 512 has the magnetizations of the FM1 layer 517 and the FM2 layer 519 pinned in directions perpendicular to the ABS as indicated by arrow tail 542 and arrow head 543 pointing into and out of the plane of the paper, respectively. In the track width region 536, the magnetization of the free layer 516 indicated by the arrow 544 is the net magnetization of the ferromagnetically coupled first and second free sublayers 520 and 521 and is free to rotate in the presence of an external (signal) magnetic field. The magnetization 544 is preferably oriented parallel to the ABS in the absence of an external magnetic field. In the first and second passive regions 532 and 534, the free layer 516 is strongly AP-coupled to the bias layer 522.

[0043] The magnetization 546 of the bias layer 522 in the first and second passive regions 532 and 534 is the net magnetization of the ferromagnetically coupled first and second bias sublayers 524 and 525. Due to the presence of the APC layer 523 which allows the free layer 516 to be strongly AP-coupled to the bias layer 522 in the passive regions, the magnetization 546 of the bias layer is oriented antiparallel to the magnetization 545 of the free layer. The effect of this AP-coupling is stabilization of the free layer 516 in the passive regions 532 and 534 since the magnetization 545 does not rotate in response to external fields thus inhibiting undesirable side reading on the rotating magnetic disk. The weak pinning field from AFM layer 560 provides additional stabilization of the free layer 521 in the first and second passive regions 532 and 534 especially at the transition between the passive regions and the track field region 536.

[0044] End region layers 548 and 550 abutting the spin valve layers may be formed of electrically insulating material such as alumina, or alternatively, may be formed of a suitable hard bias material in order to provide a longitudinal bias field to the free layer 516 to ensure a single magnetic domain state in the free layer. An advantage of having the hard bias material forming the end region layers 548 and 550 is that these layers are remote from the track width region 536 so that they do not magnetically stiffen the magnetization 544 of the free layer in this region, which stiffening makes the free layer insensitive to field signals from the rotating magnetic disk.

[0045] Leads L1 528 and L2 530 deposited in the end regions 502 and 504, respectively, provide electrical connections for the flow of a sensing current I_(S) from a current source to the SV sensor 500. A signal detector which is electrically connected to the leads senses the change of resistance due to changes induced in the free layer 516 by the external magnetic field (e.g., field generated by a data bit stored on a rotating magnetic disk). The external field acts to rotate the direction of the magnetization 544 of the free layer 516 relative to the direction of the magnetization 543 of the pinned layer 519 which is preferably pinned perpendicular to the ABS.

[0046] The fabrication of SV 500 is described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6a-d. The SV sensor 500 is fabricated in a magnetron sputtering or an ion beam sputtering system to sequentially deposit the multilayer structure shown in FIG. 5. The sputter deposition process is carried out in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field of about 40 Oe. The seed layer 509 is formed on the substrate 508 by sequentially depositing a layer of alumina (Al₂O₃) having a thickness of about 30 Å, a layer of Ni—Fe—Cr having a thickness of about 20 Å and a layer of Ni—Fe having a thickness of about 8 Å. The AFM layer 510 of Pt—Mn, having a thickness in the range of 4-150 Å, is deposited over the seed layer 509. The AP-pinned layer 512 is formed over the AFM layer by sequentially depositing the FM1 layer 517 of Co—Fe having a thickness of about 10 Å, the APC layer 518 of ruthenium (Ru) having a thickness of about 8 Å and the FM2 layer 519 of Co—Fe having a thickness of about 19 Å. The spacer layer 514 of copper (Cu) having a thickness of about 20 Å is deposited over the FM2 layer 519 and the free layer 516 is deposited over the spacer layer 514 by first depositing the first free sublayer 520 of Co—Fe having a thickness of about 10 Å followed by the second free sublayer 521 of Ni—Fe having a thickness of about 15 Å. The APC layer 523 of Ru having a thickness of about 8 Å is deposited over the second free sublayer 521. The bias layer 522 is deposited over the APC layer 523 by first depositing the first bias sublayer 524 of Co—Fe having a thickness of about 10 Å followed by the second bias sublayer 525 of Ni—Fe having a thickness of about 20 Å. The AFM layer 560 of Pt—Mn having a thickness in the range of 30-100 Å is deposited over the second bias sublayer 525. A first cap layer 526 deposited over the bias layer 522 comprises a first sublayer of tantalum (Ta) having a thickness of about 20 Å and a second sublayer of ruthenium (Ru) having a thickness of about 20 Å over the first sublayer. Alternatively, the first cap layer may be formed of a single layer of tantalum (Ta) having a thickness of 40 Å.

[0047] After the deposition of the central region 506 is completed, photoresist 602 is applied and exposed in a photolithography tool to mask SV sensor 500 in the central region 506 and then developed in a solvent to expose end regions 502 and 504. The layers in the unmasked end regions 502 and 504 are removed by ion milling and end region layers 548 and 550 of alumina (Al₂O₃) are deposited in the end regions. Alternatively, longitudinal hard bias layers may be formed in the end regions 502 and 504 in order to provide a longitudinal bias field to the free layer 516 to ensure a single magnetic domain state in the free layer.

[0048] Photoresist 604 and photolithography processes are used to define the track width region 536 in the central region 506 of the SV sensor 500. First and second leads L1 528 and L2 530 of rhodium (Rh) having a thickness in the range 200-600 Å are deposited over the end regions 502 and 504 and over the unmasked first cap layer 526 and in the first and second passive regions 532 and 534 which provide the desired lead/sensor overlap. After removal of the photoresist mask 604 in the track width region 536, the leads L1 528 and L2 530 are used as masks for a sputter etch and reactive ion etch (RIE) process to remove the first cap layer 526 in the track width region 536. After removal of the first cap layer, the exposed portions of the AFM layer 560 and the bias layer 522 in the track width region 536 are sputter etched with an oxygen containing gas to convert the AFM layer and ferromagnetic bias layers materials into a nonmagnetic oxide layer 538. The second cap layer 540 of rhodium (Rh), or alternatively ruthenium (Ru), having a thickness of about 40 Å is deposited over the leads L1 528 and L2 530 in the end regions 502 and 504 and the passive regions 532 and 534 and over the nonmagnetic oxide layer 538 in the track field region 536. After fabrication of the structure of the SV sensor 500 is completed, the AFM layer 560 is set so that the bias layer 522 is pinned in a longitudinal direction. To set the AFM layer 560, the SV sensor 500 is heated to about 2650° C. in the presence of a magnetic field of about 13 kOe oriented in the longitudinal direction (that is, in the plane of the layers and parallel to the ABS) and held for about 5 hours. With the magnetic field still applied, the sensor is cooled before removing the magnetic field.

[0049] An alternative process for defining the AP-coupled antiparallel tabs in the passive regions may be used to replace the process of sputter etching with an oxygen containing gas to oxidize the AFM layer and ferromagnetic bias layer materials in the track width region. In the alternative process, the step of using a sputter etch and reactive ion etch (RIE) process to remove the first cap layer 526 in the track width region 536 is continued to also remove the AFM layer 560 and the bias layer 522 in the track width region. To protect the free layer 516 from the sputter etch and RIE process a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) installed in the vacuum chamber of the sputtering system is used to provide endpoint detection for the ruthenium (Ru) forming the spacer layer 523. The second cap layer 540 of rhodium (Rh), or alternatively ruthenium (Ru), having a thickness of about 40 Å is deposited over the leads L1 528 and L2 530 in the end regions 502 and 504 and the passive regions 532 and 534 and over the spacer layer 523 in the track field region 536.

SECOND EXAMPLE

[0050]FIG. 7 depicts an air bearing surface (ABS) view, not to scale, of a lead overlay SV sensor 700 according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. The SV sensor 700 differs from the SV sensor 500 of the first example in having the AFM layer 560 set so that the bias layer 522 is pinned in a transverse direction, or alternatively, in a canted direction oriented at an intermediate angle between the longitudinal and transverse directions. The layer structure and the method of making the SV sensor 700 is the same as described herein above with respect to the SV sensor 500 of the first example. Only the process of setting the AFM layer 560 so that the bias layer 522 is pinned in a transverse direction or a canted direction is different for the SV sensor 700.

[0051]FIG. 9 is plan view, not to scale, of a spin valve sensor 902 indicating the orientations of longitudinal, transverse and canted bias fields relative to an air bearing surface (ABS) 904. The SV sensor has an approximately rectangular shape with front edge 906, a back edge 908, and two side edges 910. The front edge is defined by the lapped ABS 904 which forms a plane perpendicular to the plane of the SV sensor layers. The back edge 908 is spaced away from the front edge 906 by a distance that defines the stripe height of the SV sensor. A longitudinal bias field has an orientation in the plane of the SV sensor layers and directed parallel to the ABS 904 and to the front edge 906 as indicated by the arrow 912 pointing to the right, or alternatively, in an opposite direction as indicated by the arrow 913 pointing to the left. A transverse bias field has an orientation in the plane of the SV sensor layers and directed perpendicular to the ABS 904 and to the front edge 906 as indicated by the arrow 914 pointing upward (away from the ABS), or alternatively, in an opposite direction as indicated by the arrow 915 pointing downward (toward the ABS). A canted bias field has an orientation in the plane of the SV sensor layers and directed at some angle θ to the plane of the ABS 904 intermediate between the directions of the longitudinal and transverse bias fields as indicated by the arrow 916, or alternatively, in an opposite direction as indicated by arrow 917. The angle θ may have any value between 0° and 180°.

[0052] After fabrication of the structure of the SV sensor 700 is completed, the AFM layer 560 is set so that the bias layer 522 is pinned in a transverse direction, or alternatively in a canted direction. To set the AFM layer 560, the SV sensor 700 is heated to about 265° C. in the presence of a magnetic field of about 13 kOe oriented in the transverse direction (that is, in the plane of the layers and perpendicular to the ABS), or alternatively in a canted direction (that is, in the plane of the layers and at an angle θ with respect to the ABS) and held for about 5 hours. With the magnetic field still applied, the sensor is cooled before removing the magnetic field.

[0053] It should be understood that the antiparallel coupled tabs with AFM pinning in the lead/sensor overlap regions (passive regions 532 and 534) of the present invention may be used with any bottom spin valve sensor (SV) (sensor having the pinned layers located near the bottom of the stacked layers). In the bottom spin valve structure, the free layer can be easily AP-coupled to a bias layer and oxidation of the ferromagnetic bias layer to form a nonmagnetic oxide in the track width region can be easily accomplished. In particular, the antiparallel coupled tabs with AFM pinning bias in the lead/sensor overlap regions may be used with AFM pinning simple pinned or AP-pinned SV sensors and with self-pinned SV sensors.

[0054] While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit, scope and teaching of the invention. Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be considered merely as illustrative and limited only as specified in the appended claims. 

I claim:
 1. A spin valve (SV) sensor having first and second passive regions and a central track width region transversely disposed between said first and second passive regions, said SV sensor comprising: a pinned layer; a ferromagnetic free layer; a spacer layer sandwiched between said pinned layer and said free layer; a ferromagnetic bias layer in said first and second passive regions; an antiparallel coupling layer sandwiched between said free layer and said ferromagnetic bias layer for providing strong antiparallel coupling between said bias layer and said free layer in the first and second passive regions; and an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer adjacent to said ferromagnetic bias layer, said AFM layer exchange coupled to the ferromagnetic bias layer to provide a pinning field to the bias layer.
 2. The SV sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said AFM layer is made of Pt—Mn, said AFM layer having a thickness in the range of 30-100 Å.
 3. The SV sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said AFM layer is chosen from a group of materials consisting of Pt—Mn, In—Mn and Ni—Mn.
 4. The SV sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said pinning field is directed in a longitudinal direction parallel to an air bearing surface.
 5. The SV sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said pinning field is directed in a transverse direction perpendicular to an air bearing surface.
 6. The SV sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said pinning field is directed in a canted direction intermediate between a direction parallel to an air bearing surface and a direction perpendicular to the air bearing surface.
 7. The SV sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said AFM layer has a thickness greater than zero but less than the thickness needed to provide a saturation value of said pinning field to the bias layer.
 8. The SV sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said bias layer has a thickness greater than the thickness of said free layer.
 9. A magnetic read/write head comprising: a write head including: at least one coil layer and an insulation stack, the coil layer being embedded in the insulation stack; first and second pole piece layers connected at a back gap and having pole tips with edges forming a portion of an air bearing surface (ABS); the insulation stack being sandwiched between the first and second pole piece layers; and a write gap layer sandwiched between the pole tips of the first and second pole piece layers and forming a portion of the ABS; a read head including: a spin valve (SV) sensor, the SV sensor being sandwiched between first and second read gap layers, the SV sensor having first and second passive regions and a central track width region transversely disposed between said first and second passive regions, said SV sensor comprising: a pinned layer; a ferromagnetic free layer; a spacer layer sandwiched between said pinned layer and said free layer; a ferromagnetic bias layer in said first and second passive regions; an antiparallel coupled layer sandwiched between said free layer and said ferromagnetic bias layer for providing strong antiparallel coupling between said bias layer and said free layer in the first and second passive regions; an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer adjacent to said ferromagnetic bias layer, said AFM layer exchange coupled to the ferromagnetic bias layer to provide a pinning field to the bias layer; and an insulation layer disposed between the second read gap layer of the read head and the first pole piece layer of the write head.
 10. The magnetic read/write head as recited in claim 9 wherein said AFM layer is made of Pt—Mn, said AFM layer having a thickness in the range of 30-100 Å.
 11. The magnetic read/write head as recited in claim 9 wherein said AFM layer is chosen from a group of materials consisting of Pt—Mn, In—Mn and Ni—Mn.
 12. The magnetic read/write head as recited in claim 9 wherein said pinning field is directed in a longitudinal direction parallel to an air bearing surface.
 13. The magnetic read/write head as recited in claim 9 wherein said pinning field is directed in a transverse direction perpendicular to an air bearing surface.
 14. The magnetic read/write head as recited in claim 9 wherein said pinning field is directed in a canted direction intermediate between a direction parallel to an air bearing surface and a direction perpendicular to the air bearing surface.
 15. The magnetic read/write head as recited in claim 9 wherein said AFM layer has a thickness greater than zero but less than the thickness needed to provide a saturation value of said pinning field to the bias layer.
 16. The magnetic read/write head as recited in claim 9 wherein said bias layer has a thickness greater than the thickness of said free layer.
 17. A disk drive system comprising: a magnetic recording disk; a magnetic read/write head for magnetically recording data on the magnetic recording disk and for sensing magnetically recorded data on the magnetic recording disk, said magnetic read/write head comprising: a write head including: at least one coil layer and an insulation stack, the coil layer being embedded in the insulation stack; first and second pole piece layers connected at a back gap and having pole tips with edges forming a portion of an air bearing surface (ABS); the insulation stack being sandwiched between the first and second pole piece layers; and a write gap layer sandwiched between the pole tips of the first and second pole piece layers and forming a portion of the ABS; a read head including: a spin valve (SV) sensor, the SV sensor being sandwiched between first and second read gap layers, the SV sensor having first and second passive regions and a central track width region transversely disposed between said first and second passive regions, said SV sensor comprising: a pinned layer; a ferromagnetic free layer; spacer layer sandwiched between said pinned layer and said free layer; a ferromagnetic bias layer in said first and second passive regions; an antiparallel coupled layer sandwiched between said free layer and said ferromagnetic bias layer for providing strong antiparallel coupling between said bias layer and said free layer in the first and second passive regions; an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer adjacent to said ferromagnetic bias layer, said AFM layer exchange coupled to the ferromagnetic bias layer to provide a pinning field to the bias layer; and an insulation layer disposed between the second read gap layer of the read head and the first pole piece layer of the write head; and an actuator for moving said magnetic read/write head across the magnetic disk so that the read/write head may access different regions of the magnetic recording disk; and a recording channel coupled electrically to the write head for magnetically recording data on the magnetic recording disk and to the SV sensor of the read head for detecting changes in resistance of the SV sensor in response to magnetic fields from the magnetically recorded data.
 18. The disk drive system as recited in claim 17 wherein said AFM layer is made of Pt—Mn, said AFM layer having a thickness in the range of 30-100 Å.
 19. The disk drive system as recited in claim 17 wherein said AFM layer is chosen from a group of materials consisting of Pt—Mn, In—Mn and Ni—Mn.
 20. The disk drive system as recited in claim 17 wherein said pinning field is directed in a longitudinal direction parallel to an air bearing surface.
 21. The disk drive system as recited in claim 17 wherein said pinning field is directed in a transverse direction perpendicular to an air bearing surface.
 22. The disk drive system as recited in claim 17 wherein said pinning field is directed in a canted direction intermediate between a direction parallel to an air bearing surface and a direction perpendicular to the air bearing surface.
 23. The disk drive system as recited in claim 17 wherein said AFM layer has a thickness greater than zero but less than the thickness needed to provide a saturation value of said pinning field to the bias layer.
 24. The disk drive system as recited in claim 17 wherein said bias layer has a thickness greater than the thickness of said free layer.
 25. A method of making a spin valve (SV) sensor having first and second passive regions and a central track width region transversely disposed between said first and second passive regions, the method comprising the steps of: depositing sequentially a pinned layer, a spacer layer and a free layer; depositing a ferromagnetic bias layer antiparallel coupled to the free layer by an antiparallel coupling layer sandwiched between the free layer and the bias layer; depositing an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer adjacent to said ferromagnetic bias layer, said AFM layer exchange coupled to the ferromagnetic bias layer to provide a pinning field to the bias layer; depositing a cap layer over the AFM layer; depositing first and second lead layers over the cap layer, said first and second lead layers overlapping the first and second passive regions, respectively, wherein the track width region between the first and second passive regions is defined by a space between the first and second lead layers; removing the cap layer in the track width region between the first and second lead layers; converting the antiferromagnetic material of the AFM layer and the ferromagnetic material of the bias layer in the track width region into a nonmagnetic oxide layer; and setting the AFM layer so that the pinning field to the bias layer is directed in a predetermined direction.
 26. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein the step of removing the cap layer in the track width region uses a sputter etch and reactive ion etch process.
 27. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein the step of converting the ferromagnetic material of the bias layer in the track width region into a nonmagnetic oxide layer uses a sputter etch process with an oxygen containing gas.
 28. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein said pinning field is directed in a longitudinal direction parallel to an air bearing surface.
 29. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein said pinning field is directed in a transverse direction perpendicular to an air bearing surface.
 30. The method as recited in claim 25 wherein said pinning field is directed in a canted direction intermediate between a direction parallel to an air bearing surface and a direction perpendicular to the air bearing surface. 